Temperature is a key environmental variable that has various impacts on the physiology and health of all animals, including humans. Mice are currently the most widely used animal model for human disease and fundamental biology. Therefore, it is important to choose a housing temperature for mice that best mimics everyday human conditions; however, which temperature to choose is not trivial. Keijer and colleagues studied the oxygen consumption of C57BL/6 mice measured across the range of temperatures from 21.4 to 30.2 °C in order to find the best housing temperature. From their results, they conclude that 25.5 °C to 27.6 °C may be optimal for solitary housed mice and discuss this in the light of suggestions and results from other groups.
What is the best housing temperature to translate mouse experiments to humans?
Objective: Ambient temperature impinges on energy metabolism in a body size dependent manner. This has implications for the housing temperature at which mice are best compared to humans. In 2013, we suggested that, for comparative studies, solitary mice are best housed at 23–25 °C, because this is 3–5 °C below the mouse thermoneutral zone and humans routinely live 3–5 °C below thermoneutrality, and because this generates a ratio of DEE to BMR of 1.6–1.9, mimicking the ratio found in free-living humans.
Methods: Recently, Fischer et al. (2017) challenged this estimate. By studying mice at 21 °C and at 30 °C (but notably not at 23–25 °C) they concluded that 30 °C is the optimal housing temperature. Here, we measured energy metabolism of C57BL/6 mice over a range of temperatures, between 21.4 °C and 30.2 °C.
Results: We observed a ratio of DEE to BMR of 1.7 at 27.6 °C and of 1.8 at 25.5 °C, suggesting that this is the best temperature range for housing C57BL/6 mice to mimic human thermal relations. We used a 24 min average to calculate the ratio, similar to that used in human studies, while the ratio calculated by Fisher et al. dependent on short, transient metabolic declines.
Conclusions: We concur with Fisher et al. and others that 21 °C is too cool, but we continue to suggest that 30 °C is too warm. We support this with other data. Finally, to mimic living environments of all humans, and not just those in controlled Western environments, mouse experimentation at various temperatures is likely required.