metabolism and atherosclerosis. However, it is unknown whether the cis and trans isoforms of palmitoleate have the same effect. Cimen and colleagues directly compared the effects of cis- and trans-palmitoleate [...] itoleate on inflammation and atherosclerosis in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model and found that positive effects were restricted to the cis form only.
cancers and chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and chronic renal failure . The underlying etiology of cachexia is multifactorial and is the result of crosstalk between different organs and the release [...] chronic diseases, and it is characterized by involuntary weight loss, muscle wasting , abnormal fat metabolism , anorexia, and fatigue. Although this syndrome is most common in pancreatic and gastric cancer [...] The onset of cachexia has a profoundly negative impact on quality of life of affected individuals, and cancer cachexia patients have a low tolerance for cancer treatments, further exacerbating mortality
Wardelmann, Blümel, Rath, and colleagues found that brain insulin signaling impacts mitochondrial stress responsiveness in the hypothalamus and thus affects mitochondrial function and metabolism. Their data [...] the brain is of utter importance for normal brain function and physiology. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes. Normally, m [...] offer new insight into how brain insulin regulates neuronal health, acts as a neuroprotective hormone, and regulates metabolism.
Fatty acids (FAs) are a significant energy source and substrates for membrane synthesis, and they serve as signaling molecules in regulating lipid homeostasis. However, our understanding of FA metabolism [...] metabolism has been hampered by the lack of methods to detect their production and trafficking in a temporal and spatial manner in live cells. Mottillo et al. have developed genetically encoded sensors based [...] interaction between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) to image the production and trafficking of FAs.
production and leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, abnormal handling of intracellular calcium and cytochrome C release and apoptosis . The extent to which these alterations in [...] structure and function are commonly observed in adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases . In ALS , mitochondrial dysfunction impairs the efficiency of electron transport chain (ETC) activity and ATP production [...] combating these mitochondrial abnormalities have displayed variable success in mouse models of ALS and humans, as reviewed in Vandoorne et al. Full text All Articles
predominantly in the liver and is activated in response to low blood glucose levels , such as during fasting. This process is hormonally regulated and is primarily stimulated by cortisol and glucagon produced by [...] for the optimal function and survival of most cellular organisms . However, the availability of glucose fluctuates constantly, influenced by factors like nutrient availability and the organism's feeding [...] the adrenal glands and the pancreas, respectively. The secretion of these hormones is also regulated by circadian rhythm, anticipatory to the rhythmic transition between feeding and fasting states. Indeed
that impacts gene expression and chromatin organization. Uncovering how genomic information is organized and regulated through epigenetic processes to control gene expression and cell functions in the next [...] The prevalence of obesity and type II diabetes is growing globally at rates indicating that environment rather than genes is the principal driver. Exposures to high-fat diet and toxicants, as well as mi [...] micronutrient deficiency, can impact our health and that of future generations. Only now are we beginning to identify mechanisms linking these exposures to parental and offspring health. The epigenome refers to
their surroundings and use it in a process termed metabolism to grow and reproduce. During evolution, life had to "learn" how to cope with changing environments and exploit even limited and unstable sources [...] sources of energy. The ability to take up and process energy from diverse sources and adjust their metabolism according to the availability of nutrients is therefore fundamentally engrained in the nature of
a ligand dependent transcription regulator, and its activity is modulated by estrogenic compounds. Estrogenic compounds bind to the ligand binding domain and control the functionality of the transcriptional [...] ional activation domains of ERα, named AF-1 and AF-2. Understanding of the precise functions of AF-1 and AF-2 in ERα in metabolic regulation may lead to generation of precise therapeutic interventions [...] function appropriately in pre- and post-menopausal women. Arao et al. suggest that the specific activation of ERα AF-1 can enhance energy expenditure without changing feeding and locomotion behavior.
regulates the pre- and postnatal development and maintenance of optimum metabolic functioning of virtually all mammalian cells. Previous studies demonstrated the importance of IGFII/IGF1R and ERBB2 receptor [...] human embryonic stem cells. Gupta, De Jesus, and colleagues explored the direct role of insulin receptor-mediated signaling in pluripotency maintenance and in lineage development by reprogramming insulin [...] these studies underscore the importance of insulin-mediated signaling for maintenance of pluripotency and lineage development.
pathway and decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine (PS) by the enzyme PS decarboxylase (PSD) located in the mitochondria. The PSD pathway is required to maintain mitochondrial structure and function and essential [...] studied the PSD pathway in muscle and found that it is important for PE synthesis in skeletal muscle and is required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and muscle mass. This reveals the role of
activity-dependent CaMKII and MAPK p38 signaling and is important for a subset of exercise-induced responses. Their findings suggest that Perm1 modulates excitation-transcription coupling and shapes the response [...] plays key roles in metabolic homeostasis and whole-body energy expenditure. Endurance exercise training remodels skeletal muscle by activating signaling pathways and regulating transcription factors. Perm1 [...] Perm1, a recently identified protein, is selectively expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. To gain insights into the cellular function of Perm1, Cho et al. searched for Perm1 interacting proteins. They
pathways in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression where it triggers inflammation, fibrosis, and hepatocellular necrosis. Rana et al. found that PAR2 [...] disease progression in patients diagnosed with NAFLD and/or NASH. Mechanistic studies identified downstream effectors of cholesterol homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Together, these data indicate that [...] that blocking the activity of PAR2 may have broad salutary effects on cholesterol and lipid metabolism in NAFLD and NASH.
applications and to understand possible confounders of disease associations. However, only limited data exist regarding kind, number, and relevance of possible influencing factors. Beuchel and colleagues [...] comprising a total of 16,222 subjects. They developed a generic and adaptable workflow and interpreted the discovered associations biologically by applying pathway-based methods. [...] investigated the effects of 29 clinical and lifestyle related factors on metabolite levels in dried whole blood derived from mass spectrometry in three large human studies with different designs comprising
abundantly in adipose tissues. It is a regulator of adipose inflammation and energy homeostasis in both mice and humans. Li and colleagues hypothesized that SNRK play important roles in adipose glucose [...] that SNRK ablation is sufficient to inhibit insulin-regulated AKT phosphorylation and glucose uptake in adipose tissues and identify a novel SNRK pathway regulating insulin signaling in adipose tissue.
