on ER and mitochondrial function. Interestingly, the improvement in systemic inflammation and glucose tolerance was mirrored by an attenuation of chronic ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and was [...] Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction seem to play a role in obesity and might be interesting as therapeutic targets. López-Domènech and colleagues assessed the effect of moderate [...] accompanied by enhanced expression of chaperones and antioxidants.

excess calories and dietary lipids in adipose tissue proliferative growth in juvenile mice and found that both differentially and synergistically drive adipose tissue proliferative growth and the programming [...] quantity and anatomical distribution of adipose tissue are key drivers of the metabolic syndrome. Obesity and abdominal visceral adiposity in particular are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes and card [...] evidence suggests that childhood and adolescence are critical periods for shaping adipose tissue properties. However, the control of adipose progenitor proliferation and hyperplasia by dietary components

Using mouse genetics, Sanchez-Gurmaches and colleagues define distinct and overlapping functions for AKT1 and AKT2 in brown and white adipose tissue development and show that they are largely dispensable [...] Strategies to increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) amount and/or function are being considered as therapeutic strategies to fight metabolic diseases. Thus, understanding BAT development is of high clinical

period of gestation, response to food restriction, and susceptibility to develop activity based-anorexia, binge eating, and metabolic syndrome in male and female offspring. They report that chronic prenatal [...] Eating disorders (EDs) are damaging mental and metabolic illnesses. Recent evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms may be involved in initiating and maintaining EDs. Schroeder et al. explored the [...] dimorphic effects on placental function, affecting fetal hypothalamic programming and subsequent basal metabolism and the response to a variety of metabolic challenges.

hormones and the receptors allows all hormones to bind and stimulate all receptors, albeit with different potencies. IGF-2 does not have a cognate receptor, but it can bind and activate IR-A and IGF1R with [...] n, and differentiation in vertebrates. It consists of three peptide hormones : insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2, as well as their membrane receptors , including two isoforms of insulin receptor (IR-A and IR-B) [...] IR-B) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R), all belonging to the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. While insulin and IGF-1 have the highest affinity for their cognate receptors, significant structural homology

s support a rapid and constitutive plasticity of melanocortin synaptic organization which responds and contributes to metabolic homeostasis, particularly for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin [...] neurons. He and colleagues hypothesized that such changes could underlie the positive effects of exercise. They found multiple mechanisms in the remodeling of synaptic and cellular properties of NPY and POMC

oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, leading to reperfusion injury. This can drive extensive tissue damage and increase the risk of sepsis and multiple organ failure. Cordes and colleagues tested [...] found that in mouse models, itaconate reduced oxidative stress and improved cerebral hemodynamics, inflammation, neurological function, and survival.

growth factors that regulate development and tissue differentiation through their influences on cell proliferation, lineage and migration. Blázquez-Medela and colleagues investigated whether Noggin has [...] modulate adipose tissue and obesity. They deleted the Noggin gene in mouse adipocytes in vivo and found that Noggin deficiency promotes age-related whitening of brown adipose tissue and white adipose hypertrophy

Lumican loss and over-expression on metabolism and adipose tissue. They observed a sex-specific effect on fat accumulation in female Lumican knockout mice that coincided with increased inflammation and insulin [...] including angiogenesis, inflammation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. The small leucine-rich proteoglycan Lumican, a component of the ECM, binds collagen and is associated with repair processes [...] insulin resistance. Likewise, Lumican overexpression in the visceral fat and liver improved glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity.

glucose and lipid tracers to assess the location and magnitude of their uptake and ex vivo, metabolic, and molecular biology approaches. They demonstrate the AT-specific capacity for glucose and lipid uptake [...] uptake and metabolism and the importance of AT in governing FGF21 response. [...] Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the FGF superfamily that regulates metabolic homeostasis and is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. It was recently shown in

disease states including obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance, alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and atherosclerosis. However, most studies of LCN2 [...] LCN2 were only conducted in male mice. Krishnan and colleagues examined gene-by-sex interactions and demonstrate that adipose-secreted, and not liver-secreted, LCN2 is causal in developing diet-induced

Volume 85 | July 2024 Cover Story Emerging evidence from both human and animal studies underscores a significant association between obesity and cognitive decline, including brain atrophy , diminished white [...] blood–brain barrier integrity, and heightened susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, chronic disruptions in glucose homeostasis , impaired insulin signaling , and metabolic dysfunctions [...] closely linked to cognitive impairments and the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. These observations suggest the importance of maintaining normal body weight and proper fuel metabolism, which is crucial

expressed and secreted in response to a variety of stimuli as part of stress and disease processes. Clinical studies demonstrate that GDF15 levels serve as a biological marker for prognosis and diagnosis [...] certain types of cancers and chronic hyperglycemia. Importantly, exogenous GDF15 administration and increased endogenous GDF15 production (e.g., tumor-derived) suppress feeding and body weight primarily via [...] via the induction of nausea, emesis, and malaise. Full text All Articles

hormone vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) and release them peripherally into the blood circulation from nerve terminals located in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (PP), and within the brain from [...] from dendrites and axon collaterals. By signalling at specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the periphery and centrally, AVP and OXT can regulate physiological processes crucial for the maintenance [...] from clinical associations with obesity and metabolic syndrome . The HNS comprises large magnocellular neurones (MCNs) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) that make the a

about its physiological role and pharmacological potential is very limited. Rudenko and colleagues discovered that GPR142 efficiently stimulates pancreatic glucagon secretion and found that the effect of GPR142 [...] insulin-mediated glucose uptake in fat and muscle and glucagon-mediated glucose production in the liver. Surprisingly, GPR142 agonism also increased energy expenditure and improved insulin sensitivity.