oxidation of fatty acids, ketogenesis, and gluconeogenesis. Their study provides the first multi-omics analyses of liver in insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus and identified key drivers of known functional [...] The liver is the central glucoregulatory organ and is exposed to two- to four-fold higher levels of insulin than peripheral insulin target tissues. To determine consequences of missing insulin action in [...] s of insulin deficiency. In addition, previously unknown consequences especially for inflammatory and immune functions of the liver were revealed.

of food cues and the response of GLP-1 after oral glucose intake in individuals taking part in a weight loss-weight maintenance intervention study over 27 months. The interaction of GLP-1 and DLPFC activity [...] Weight reduction by lifestyle interventions is possible, but often followed by weight regain. Maurer and colleagues sought to determine predictors of successful maintenance of weight loss. They analyzed the [...] body weight regulation. Biomarkers for body weight regulation may be improved by considering neuronal and hormonal processes together since their interaction might be superordinate to each phenotype alone

type 2 diabetes (T2D), and reduction of appetite, enabling weight loss and approval of GLP-1-based medicines for the treatment of people with obesity. The expanding actions and improved efficacy of modern [...] receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have led to increasing utilization of these medicines for people with T2D and obesity. Moreover, the safety of these medicines has been reinforced by data from cardiovascular outcome [...] ng reductions in rates of non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality. Full text All Articles

calorie sweeteners, sugar alcohols) and some d-amino acids. The neural signal originating from the sweet receptor is hardwired into brain circuits that drive eating and drinking behaviors, but it is an [...] Archive > Past Issues > Volume 103 | January 2026 Cover Story Glucose is a ubiquitous and essential source of energy for all living organisms. Although mammals have evolved ways to convert other nutritional [...] potently reinforces intake, hierarchically organizing behaviors towards glucose-yielding substances, and away from other types of food including other sugars. Taste is the primary sense linked to nutrient

synthesis and salvage. Results show a decline in NAD+ availability may diminish glucose production directly and/or by redirecting flux of glucose precursors to pathways that regulate liver redox state and tu [...] studied the relationship of GNMT action and glucose production to HCC formation. The results show that the lack of GNMT reduces glucose production from glycogen and gluconeogenic sources. Reduced glucose [...] The role of liver glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) in the relationship between glucose control and HCC is of particular interest. In humans with HCC, liver GNMT can be greatly decreased. Moreover, GNMT-null

identified different subpopulations of L-cells and Ecm-cells and showed that these likely represent cellular gradients mapping along the proximal-distal and crypt-surface gut axes. Selective stimulation [...] epithelial cells that regulate physiological processes including intestinal motility and secretion, glycemia, and appetite. They represent a diverse cellular population, collectively producing more than [...] of the large number of EECs in the large intestine is less clear. Subgroups of EECs like the L, K, and enterochromaffin (Ecm) cells seem to overlap in their gene expression profiles. Billing, Larraufie

chromatin, which is regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases. Chung et al. identified tannic acid as a novel HAT inhibitor and demonstrated that tannic acid prevented the development of [...] of NAFLD via its HAT inhibition activity, both in vitro and in vivo.

differentiation and function, as well as their in vivo influence on beige fat and metabolic parameters of mice on a high fat diet. Their results show that AgNPs suppress beige adipocyte development and function [...] in engineering technologies and consumer products. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most widely used ENPs. However, concerns have been raised about their safety and potential influence on human [...] species (ROS), which may disrupt cell membrane structure, protein aggregation, mitochondrial function, and metabolic homeostasis. However, the potential contribution of AgNPs specifically to obesity as well

net carbon source for GNG during short and prolonged fasting. Elevated glycerol is an important biomarker for the development of hyperglycemia and type 2 DM, and patients with type 2 DM also show increased [...] glycerol and amino acids. It is believed that lactate is the major substrate contributing to GNG through a process commonly known as the Cori cycle. However, lactate is largely generated from glucose and re [...] January 2020 Cover Story Elevated fasting glucose is commonly used to diagnose diabetes mellitus (DM), and enhanced hepatic glucose production is the major cause of fasting hyperglycemia in DM. During fasting

actions. Aberrant regulation of macrophage polarisation and activation is suspected to underlie pathology in metabolic illness such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease but the regulatory paradigms underlying [...] likely to have occurred in response to nutrients and metabolites such as itaconate, which has been shown to mediate suppression of M1 cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, as well as suppression of the M1 marker iNOS [...] undergo pro-inflammatory M1 activation in response to cues including Toll Like Receptor (TLR) agonists and IFNγ but in contrast, in response to agents including IL-4, IL-10 or IL-13, they become M2 macrophages

signals for the control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Shi and colleagues determined whether activation of PPG neurons per se modulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in vivo. They show [...] include the PPG neurons) enhances glucose tolerance, suppresses basal endogenous glucose production, and augments hepatic insulin sensitivity.

have been identified by genetic association studies. Jiao and colleagues hypothesized that perturbing these loci/genes in adipocytes in vitro and assessing the effect on morphologic features would enable [...] this approach in metabolic disease. They ablated 125 genes in human pre-adipocytes using CRISPR/CAS9 and profiled the effect on cellular morphology using morphologic similarity to identify mechanistic in [...] cellular mechanisms by validating both a protein-protein interaction on the lipid droplet surface and a transcriptional regulatory interaction in the DNA.

s such as lactate, glycerol and amino acids. It is believed that lactate is the major substrate contributing to GNG. However, lactate is largely generated from glucose and resynthesized to glucose, making [...] but not necessarily a good source for new carbon entering GNG. Wang et al. fasted mice for 6, 12, and 18 hours to study the relative contribution of different GNG substrates. They demonstrate that lactate [...] carbon contributor to GNG. Instead, glycerol is the dominant net carbon source for GNG during short and prolonged fasting.

higher energy consumption leading to greater body weight and body fat. Mice exposed to equivalent levels of sucrose in the solid diet were leaner and metabolically healthier than their counterparts exposed [...] is a high consumption of sucrose, which may be in the form of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Togo and colleagues studied the impact of high sugar diets with different forms of delivery: solid, pelleted [...] results strongly suggest that the consumption of SSB is an important factor that can lead to obesity and metabolic disease.

obesity and its associated comorbidities. The therapeutic benefits associated with FGF19 administration have also been proposed to be linked to the recruitment of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and other key [...] key thermogenic pathways in white and brown adipose tissue. However, Antonellis and colleagues show that while chronic FGF19 administration reduced body weight, it did not increase energy expenditure in